01 - Preheat the oven to 350°F. Grease and flour a 9-inch round cake pan, ensuring complete coverage to prevent sticking.
02 - In a large bowl, beat the granulated sugar and softened butter together until pale and fluffy, approximately 3-4 minutes. Add the egg yolks one at a time, beating thoroughly after each addition. Mix in the lemon zest and juice until fully incorporated.
03 - In a separate bowl, whisk together the all-purpose flour, baking powder, and salt until evenly distributed.
04 - Add half of the dry ingredients to the butter mixture, folding gently. Pour in the milk and mix until combined. Add the remaining dry ingredients and mix just until incorporated, being careful not to overmix.
05 - In a clean bowl, beat the egg whites until stiff peaks form. Gently fold the whites into the batter in three additions, using a spatula to maintain as much air as possible without deflating the mixture.
06 - Pour the batter into the prepared pan and smooth the top. Bake for 30-35 minutes, or until a toothpick inserted in the center emerges clean. Allow the cake to cool in the pan for 10 minutes, then transfer to a wire rack to cool completely.
07 - In a saucepan, warm 1 1/2 cups milk over medium heat until just simmering, stirring occasionally to prevent scorching.
08 - In a separate bowl, whisk together the sugar, egg yolks, and cornstarch until smooth and pale. Slowly pour the hot milk into the egg mixture while whisking constantly to temper the eggs.
09 - Return the mixture to the saucepan and cook over medium-low heat, stirring constantly, until thickened and glossy, about 5-7 minutes. Remove from heat and stir in the butter, lemon zest, and lemon juice until melted and combined. Cover with plastic wrap directly on the surface to prevent a skin from forming. Cool completely.
10 - Once both the cake and custard have cooled completely, slice the cake horizontally in half using a serrated knife. Spread the cooled lemon custard evenly over the bottom layer, leaving a small border around the edges. Top with the second cake layer.
11 - Dust the top generously with powdered sugar and garnish with thin lemon slices or curls if desired. Refrigerate for 30 minutes before serving to allow the flavors to meld and the custard to set slightly.